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How Effective is Foreign Aid?

Every now and again, William Easterly, a former World Bank official and development expert, will appear on the op-ed pages of the Washington Post and tell everyone that foreign aid doesn't really work all that well in places like Africa, taking a jab at Jeffrey Sachs and all those other good-intentioned "foreign aid" liberals out there in the process. And no doubt, it's good to remember that more than a few grandiose aid projects have ended in disaster, but it's another thing to say that foreign aid is hopeless, now and forever.

Anyway, Amartya Sen has a good review of Easterly's new book, The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good, that takes a more nuanced view here. Among other things, he notes that even according to Easterly's own data, aid efforts haven't really done as "much ill" as advertised, although often they do do "little good." But sometimes they do a lot of good. And it's not like aid efforts are impossible to improve. As Sen notes, Easterly's detailed (and valuable) observations and research put him in a position to offer constructive advice, but his "useful hints at balanced evaluation come amid deafening outbursts against the advocates of aid."

Sen's more optimistic view on aid makes sense, I think; a few months ago I wrote an article that found a good deal of evidence that aid to poor countries actually works much better than the pessimists say (although the current aid regime obviously isn't perfect). One could also note that aid in the past hasn't always come at the behest of well-meaning liberals. As one researcher I talked to showed, the Cold War and various geopolitical considerations, rather than development concerns, influenced a lot of Western aid-giving patterns. Under the circumstances, it's not surprising that aid didn't always lead to growth.

(Not to mention the fact that conflicts, wars, and coups triggered by the United States and the Soviet Union in the Third World during the Cold War negated whatever "good" effects aid might have had—Branko Milanovic has argued that conflict has caused a 40 percent income loss in developing countries over the past twenty years; presumably it was much higher before then.)

Meanwhile, as John Perkins' thinly-argued but wholly plausible book, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, suggests, a variety of Western development projects have often been carried out with the express purpose of doing nothing more than looting and pillaging the Third World to the benefit of Western business. Indeed, much aid still follows this pattern, as when developing nations receive restricted "loans" with which they can only purchase things from the original donor country. The foreign aid plotline doesn't exactly run: "Western country tries to do some well-intentioned stuff that just doesn't work out." Maybe sometimes that's true, but certainly not always.

Posted by Bradford Plumer on 03/03/06 at 12:21 PM | E-mail | Print | Digg this | de.licio.us



Comments

In research I have conducted about federal entities such as the U.S. Trade & Development Agency, it appears that third-world countries aren't the only victims of looting and pillaging; add the U.S. taxpayer to that mix. While I agree that not all aid is bad or worthless, the USTDA consistently funds projects that serve only to rob the Treasury and transfer it to US businesses, even if only a few hundred-thousand dollars at a clip.

To cite one recent example, the USTDA is about to fund a feasibilty study to explore how to clean up the Sebou River in Morocco, where olive-oil manufacturers produce many tons of waste daily. True, the project will help an African nation, but it is a ruse that simply benefits US-based makers of pollution-remediation technology (see: http://tpr.typepad.com/thepeacockreport/2006/02/feds_react_to_p.html#more). It is thievery draped in the name of environmentalism, humanitarianism, and economic expansion (i.e.: corporate welfare).

Separately, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is increasingly becoming an adjunct of the Pentagon. The Bush Administration, I discovered, is reversing policies going back to the Kennedy Administration that once had purposefully established a wall between third-world aid and U.S. military affairs; now, rather than providing aid simply out of compassion, Defense agencies such as the U.S. Special Operations Command are partnering with USAID with the goal of concentrating more aid to regions where the U.S. military is engaged in conflict (see the Jan.-Feb. '06 edition of NACLA Report on the Americas http://www.nacla.org/art_display.php?art=2626).

Posted by: Steve Peacock on 03/05/06 at 7:14 PM

I've always understood that fostering foreign debt was a way for the "Establishment" to wrongly influence the economies, ect. of the involved countries.

On Aug. 12, '82, Mexico's minister of finance explained how the Mexican treasury was dry, such the gov. was unable to repay its foreign creditors. According to the Washington Post the problem was that much of the money ended up in the accounts of corrupt Mexican politicians...

In the DRC (the Congo, formerly Zaire) DICTATOR Mobutu Sese-Seko received more US aid than the rest of Sub-Sahara combined, and this money went directly into his Swiss account...

Furthermore, African countries' debts swelled enormously over time as a result of skyrocketing interest rates and harmful economic policies FORCED on these countries by creditors. Nigeria originally borrowed $5 billion, and while it paid back $16 billion, its debt was still $32 billion.

And how about the way US policy on debt forgiveness took a 180 degree turnabout in the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq, when the Bush administration appealed to creditor nations to forgive IRAQ'S estimated $120 billion debt. In Dec., '03, George W. argued that such debt endangered the countries' long-term prospects for political health and economic prosperity... What...? You loan an oil rich country a nice hunk of change...

Real funny, huh, how foreign debt forgiveness costs American taxpayers gigabucks...

Yeah, laugh till it hurts: since the Earth summit in '92 the World Bank has funded fossil fuel projects that will wind up adding carbon emissions to the atmosphere equivalent to ten times all current annual global emissions. Oh yeah baby, you got that right--nine out of ten World Bank fossil fuel projects enrich multinational corps...

On the other hand, India managed a thirty fold increase in wind generation between ninety-two and ninety-nine, with plans for another fifty percent increase over twenty years!

Posted by: Michael L. Wagner on 03/06/06 at 11:15 AM

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