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Is Sprawl Really That Bad?
Urban sprawl isn't so bad, it's just misunderstood. That's what Robert Bruegmann's arguing in a cover story for the American Enterprise Magazine. Needless to say, I totally disagree. The essay spends a lot of time fending off complaints that sprawl is ugly—"Class-based aesthetic objections to sprawl have always been the most important force motivating critics"—but then glosses over the really crucial objection here: namely, that sprawled-out cities use up a lot of energy. Bad news when we're burning up the planet.
A 2003 World Bank study comparing various cities in the United States illustrates the difference a bit of sprawl can make. Boston, for instance, isn't the most compact city around, but if its population was as spread out as, say, Atlanta's, then Bostonians would be driving about 9 percent more. If Boston had Atlanta's inferior rail system, driving would increase another 5 percent. In fact, if you could somehow wave a magic wand and move everyone in Boston to a city with all of Atlanta's sprawl-like characteristics, total driving would increase 25 percent.
The relative location of jobs and housing also matter. Bruegmann claims that when urban planners tried to create towns such as Reston, Virginia with an even mix of housing and jobs, the effort failed because people still drove their cars hundreds of miles away to find even better jobs. No data, though. Roll tape to the World Bank study: Again, a city like Boston has a fairly even mix of jobs and housing; if it were to become as unbalanced as, say, Washington D.C., total driving would go up another 9 percent.
Now part of Bruegmann's argument is that sprawl is inevitable—it happens to all cities, even in Europe—because people don't like living in crowded urban areas and want low-density subdivisions and industrial parks and freeways. Well, maybe they do. But that doesn't mean it's impossible for urban planners to constrain sprawl. Compare Vancouver and Seattle. Similar cities in similar areas with similar sorts of people. Yet the former has promoted downtown development and limited freeway expansion and, as a result, has much less sprawl. Just because Parisians are fleeing to the suburbs en masse doesn't mean it's impossible to curb sprawl, and the excessive oil consumption that comes with it.
Moreover, if you want to get political about it (and hey, who doesn't?) my own guess is that America has steadily grown more conservative over the past half-century partly because of urban sprawl. City-dwellers organize and use zoning laws to prevent new apartment complexes from being built, and developers—who would rather not amass armies of lobbyists and lawyers and community organizers just to build a new apartment complex—simply decide to start building out in the suburbs.
So that's where people start moving: out of the city. Maybe it's because they want to, as Bruegmann claims. But it's also where the cheap housing is. And it's not hard to imagine that life in the suburbs—where quality of life depends more on lower taxes and individual property rights than on public services, and where one can cloister off with one's own ethnic and religious peers—turns people into Republicans. That's unfair, of course, and suburbs aren't nearly as stale as people make them out to be (Michael Pollan's 2000 essay on this is quite entertaining), but probably not entirely inaccurate. Maybe all that money that's being spent building up left-wing political "infrastructure" should just go towards affordable urban housing. An easier fix.
But whatever. By the way, if you want to read about an utopian urban center that seems to work, do check out Bill McKibben's essay on Curitiba, Brazil, which has managed to curtail sprawl rather brilliantly with quality urban planning. "Because of its fine transit system, and because its inhabitants are attracted toward the city center… Curitibans use 25 percent less fuel per capita, even though they are actually more likely to own cars." Plus, despite being a low-income city, Curitiba's beautiful, people truly love living there, and even the slums are "clean" and "decent". If McKibben's picture is accurate, that's a place worth studying.
Posted by Bradford Plumer on 05/19/06 at 1:00 PM | E-mail | Print
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Comments
The challenge with most "media" debates around issues is that they often end up being framed as either-or.
Often many solutions are available outside these simplistic boxes. For one thing discussing what kind of sprawl would be valuable. European suburbs range from 1 to 6 stories while most american suburbs range from 1 to 2 stories. The typical subdivision layout in the US now is different than it was 40 years ago and very
different than european ones. The width of the street, the set back of the housing, the position of the garage, the inclusion of open spaces or open public areas, all these and many more features make a huge difference in how sprawl impact us. Of the dozens of suburban models
to be created, we tend to see the same few uninspired versions repeated endlessly.
Posted by: jonathan on 05/19/06 at 2:15 PM
It must be remembered that urban sprawl in the US was created by the FHA lending program in which the government gave low-interest loans to *white* WWII vets to help them become homeowners while denying the same opportunity to black WWII vets. Further urban sprawl occurred following Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregated public schools illegal. So let's not forget the real reason for urban sprawl in America: the desire of white Americans to not live near black people.
Posted by: Robert Ridley on 05/21/06 at 12:29 AM
Sprawl is Cheney's non-negotiable American way of life - and that right there is considerable reason to hate it with passion.
However, the plan preceded Cheney...
Decimate inner cities and urban cores, then replace them with donut rings...spreading out like shock waves from the real ground zero (not the pile of rubble left in lower Manhattan).
Promotes huge profits for the auto industry, the insurance industry, oil corporations, and housing conglomerates.
Sprawl is sort of like the spreading waist-coated symbol of prosperity left over from a bygone era - the doctor could predict future health decline (with great accuracy) yet the symptoms were regarded as an inevitability.
Needless to say, there is much vested interest to make Americans feel good about their sprawl, and ignore its consequences. Millions of home owners don't want to be faced with the prospect of declining property values and diminishing quality of life.
The saddest thing -is that we would fight the rest of the world and perhaps bring the planet to the brink of armageddon - all over the diminishing non-renewable resource it takes to run the whole thing.
Sprawl is ugly. Period. In many ways and for numerous reasons. Dispensing with the logic of its unsustainability because of its wastefulnes and expense, one can only marvel at the ponderous mass of blind-eyed meek acceptance for such spirit-numbing decrepitude.
Modern life disappeared inside a soap operatic sudsey swoon, hauling common sense and any competent accumulation of healthy public will with it.
Charlatans continually dream up these pathetic attempts to convince us otherwise. Sooner or later their efforts will fall short of the mark.
The great sleepwalk will end with the $5 gallon of gas, and the upside down mortgage.
When the beast awakes, it will all be such good fun then, will it not?
Posted by: JP Merzetti on 05/21/06 at 10:54 AM
Funny how in Curitiba "The bankers ALL wanted the rivers enclosed; instead city hall took the same loan and spent it on land," or, actually, PARKS!
In Santa Monica, CA, every new real estate project has to include an "open space" of equal size.
This entire issue is another case of what the gov. needs to do, but doesn't. And now there's always the excuse that there isn't enough money...
Posted by: Michael L. Wagner on 05/21/06 at 7:33 PM
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Sprawl reminds me of a donut. All the goodie is on the outside with nothing in the middle. As everyone moves further away it is evident those moving inch closer to those moving from the other direction. Revitalization can only be done through City Planning and condemming of disfunctional properties.Then we hear the screaming of property rights. No builder in his right mind is going to pay a premium price for city land and price himself out of a market when land is cheaper on the outer edge of the donut.
Posted by: chuckwagonchuckie on 05/19/06 at 1:47 PM