Why Can't Massachusetts Shut Matthew Israel Down?
Radical behaviorist Matthew Israel has a one-size-fits-all solution to all variety of troubled kids: Document their misdeeds and discipline them—using social isolation, food deprivation, and electric shocks.
In Massachusetts, Matthew Israel's critics have been trying to put him out of business for more than two decades. The first major battle took place in 1985—before Israel even started using shocks—after a 22-year-old student named Vincent Milletich died while in restraints at one of Israel's homes. The state Office for Children tried to close down Israel's facility, but he fought back with a lawsuit and a PR blitz. (For example, much as he does with journalists today, Israel showed videos of his methods to pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner, who was famously opposed to the use of painful punishments known as "aversives." Skinner then issued a statement saying that such extreme patients might require aversive therapy.) In the end, Judge Ernest Rotenberg, for whom the facility is now named, decreed that the program could stay open, though Israel would have to obtain court approval every time he wanted to use aversive therapy on a student.
In the mid-1990s, Massachusetts again tried to close down Israel's program—which by then had started to use electric shocks—and again he prevailed. This time, a judge declared that the state Department of Mental Retardation had waged a "war of harassment" against Israel, accused its commissioner of lying on the witness stand, stripped the agency of its power to regulate Israel's facility, and ordered the state to pay the $1.5 million in legal fees and other costs that Israel had racked up. The commissioner was forced to resign, a cautionary tale for any other state official thinking of taking on Israel.
Meanwhile, a parallel battle over Israel's use of aversives has been fought in the Massachusetts state Legislature. Since the late 1980s, a bill to ban their use has been introduced in every legislative session—and every time it has failed to become law. Emotional hearings on the pros and cons of aversives have become a regular ritual. Critics (professors, disability activists, mental-health experts) testify against the use of aversive therapy, while parents plead with lawmakers not to pass the bill, insisting that without aversives their children's self-abusive behavior will escalate.
In this battle, Israel has the perfect ally: state Rep. Jeffrey Sanchez, whose nephew Brandon has been in Israel's care since age 12; Brandon, now 27, is one of Israel's most challenging cases, with a long record of extremely self-injurious behavior. This is the same Brandon who Israel once shocked more than 5,000 times, prompting him to make a new device that could deliver much more pain. Nevertheless, Brandon's parents credit Israel with saving their son's life, and his uncle has helped ensure that no bill banning aversives becomes law.
So in a bird-in-hand strategy, state Senator Brian A. Joyce, whose district includes the Rotenberg Center, has introduced two new bills that—while not proposing an outright ban on aversives—would regulate their use much more strictly. "The harsh reality is we're doing this to innocent children in Canton, Massachusetts," he says. "If this treatment were used on terrorist prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, there would be worldwide outrage."
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Why not use painless aversives? A bitter taste for example. It works and can be increased without causing injury. Sure the deliver system might require some creativity, but the results might be worth it.
Unfortunately it is quite easy to believe that such inhumane treatment of disabled or "troubled" teenagers would be sanctioned by U.S. law. While perhaps more subtle today, our system still dehumanizes anybody who is not a WASP or who does not kowtow to the status quo by assimilating him or herself to the dominant society. After all, this is the same government that forcibly wrenched small Native American children from their homes for over 100 years and sent them to boarding schools in the name of "civilization." This is the same government that forced sterilization on minority and disabled women. This is the same government that still does not unilaterally grant civil rights to the GLBT community. Need I say more? This series of stories on Dr. Israel outraged me, but unfortunately I had to read my favorite periodical, Mother Jones, to find out about such issues. There won't be real change until these stories hit a wider audience and all Americans' eyes are opened to this horror ala 19th century sanitariums.
I am at a loss for words. I am utterly convinced that love, common sense, honoring the laws of behavior, and using far more humane strategies that seek to understand what is motivating behavior, teaching replacement behaviors that achieve what it is the person wants and needs to meet his/her needs, nurturing healthy relationships, helping people work toward goals they find worthwhile, making sure they have valued roles in a their communities wilth appropriate support, and generally respecting all those we profess to care about, and offer treatment, is not only do-able, it is the only humane and moral way to provide treatment.
I am appalled that Matt Israel and his followers are so stubbornly clinging to antiquated ways of treatment that dehumanize both the people providing treatment, and the recipients of such "treatment".
There is much documentation of people with very severe self-injurious, aggressive and dangerous behaviors who have been helped to overcomve these difficulties and enjoy their lives.
No child or adult should ever have to endure treatment that is so horrendous that most people cannot bear to even read or learn about it.
Truly, this is a hidden and shameful practice that needs to be stopped!
Senator Joyce is misguided in his intentions to control Israel. By legislating a commission to review and decide when to approve aversives, he will in effect legislate aversives which will result in their expansion across other prograns both public and private. The use of aversives in other programs will probaably not reach the extremes of Israel's aversives but will still deny equal protection to the class of people labeled disabled. Senaator Joyce needs to do some serious thinking s do other legislators in Massachusetts.
Re: Aversive Therapy - A a retired Supervisor of Child Welfare in Colorado, I hope the proposed legislation with strict regulations over aversive therapy will be enacted. While is may be possible to change some behaviors with such therapy, the long term effects of such may well be far worse than the behavior. We had some experiences with such modalities in Colorado.
Miton C. Hanson, Retired ACSW, former Superisor of Child Welfare - CO - 1971-1986 - Northfield, MN
aversive; n. something that one does to someone else in the name of discipline to destroy their true mind and replace it with whatever they need. Also used by people who need to show that they are superior to people weaker than themselves.
(no this isn't a REAL definition, but it was more effective that way.)
Question is - where does Israel's power come from in the judiciary? It's very unusual for a state dept to loose an obvious case such as this in their own state's court system, plus the COmmissioner forced to resign? Just how much power does Israel have? And where does it come from?
The only poeple who I believe should have any say in this matter aqre those served by it. One thing that is very important that you failed to mention is that almost all the students at JRC have been rejected by other programs! Furthermore Dr Israel does not make a profit from that millions you talked about. JRC is not just a "Group Home" organization you are talking about. Millions of dollars are spent towards the wellfare of the students.They go from the homes to the school everyday, the requires money for transport arrangements, they have very modern and beautifully decorated homes and school. And contrary to what you might believe, they are fed on the best food money can buy etc.
Aversives are not just administered at will, there is a treatment programme to go with that. I wonder whats better to you, the adverse side effects suffered due to use of pyschotic medication or a skin shock which last only afew seconds and saves lives.
You cannot talk for the parents that have loved ones at JRC believe me the do not love aversives either but the know what they have done for mtheir children. I beg all the haters including the professors and whoever else to think about those individual and quality of life before anything else. We cannot try to be self rightious about situation we do noty fully understand. I have done my homework and I believe that the aversive do work. It may not work for all but there are families out there who can testify to this.
There is no proof that aversive therapy has helped anyone, much less saved lives. It is so sickening that Israel makes huge amounts of money from the suffering of these disabled and unhappy young people. He can afford his own cadre of lawyers to make sure aversives are "court-approved" every time.
Victims of JRC regularly try to escape the heavily guarded facilities. I don't blame them. I'd try to escape too, or become "self-injurious" (suicidal).
No betty, Israel's victims don't have a better quality of life. They have a hideous quality of life. These poor humans locked away for life in Israel's clutches were probably abused into their conditions by the very parents who now support Israel's torture methods, and who now want nothing to do with their damaged offspring. One father admitted he rarely visits his child incarcerated at the Rotenberg torture prison. It's guilt and fear and neglect that keeps these parents supporting Israel's sadism and greed.
The inmates have it better in Guantanamo than the poor innocents at Rotenberg.
The US is such a violent ugly place.
As a twenty-four-year-old autistic woman, I must emphatically disagree with Betty's remarks. The rarity of quality programs for extreme behaviors causes desperation for many caring parents and families, but using methods of torture under the name of "adversives" is damaging to the subject-victim. Should there be any especially extreme cases where such pain prevents greater bodily harm, it should be used carefully and as lightly as possible -- something which is not being done at the JRC. Most autistics and aspies, myself included, react much more favorably to sensitive behavior/situation analysis** than to disrespect, humiliation, dehumanization, and intentionally-inflicted agony. In bad but non-injurious situations, pain, even pain "for one's own good," only worsens the problem.
In addition, the JRC is using electroshock "aversives" on children and teens who are not self-injurious in any immediate sense. These methods should NOT be used on these youths, but they are. Without oversight, the JRC abuses this damaging technique, causing harm to those under its care. Teens are being shocked for uttering forbidden words. This is punishment, not protection. Strict regulation from an impartial, properly-educated source is essential. If shocks cannot be used correctly, it would be better for them to never be used at all.
Finally, the financial point of these articles has not been to prove the riches of Dr. Israel, as Betty protests. It has been to show the vast sums of money being put into an injurious "treatment" which does more damage than good to a substantial number of its subjects. This money would be better spent on interventions which work, respecting the teen and perhaps costing less than the JRC's state-of-the-art electric gadgetry. Having visited friends teaching in inner-city high schools, I have witnessed environments in which education is limited by the district's inability to purchase books. Lack of education leads to lack of opportunity, which foments social breakdown. It also aggravates such conditions as ADD (which I also have) and ODD (which I do not, but one cousin does), conditions for which physically-healthy adolescents have been sent to the Judge Rotenberg Center. Building the lives of these youths on punishment does no one good. For many of them, such as Antwone Nicholson, State money sent to the JRC is money wasted.
It is difficult to educate a person with special needs. Nonetheless, it is possible to do this in a respectful way if the educator or facilitator is willing to try to understand their client’s perspective from moment to moment. Painful electric shocks have no part in this for the overwhelming majority of people. For the rest, it has no place the majority of the time. It should not be the cornerstone of the institution’s treatment methods. I decry abuse of all kinds: emotional, physical, sexual, pharmaceutical. None of these should happen if the caregiver is properly educated, trying to see things from the client’s point of view, and always respectful of their common human dignity.
**(My head-banging, for example, disappeared as I discovered other forms of immediate, undeniable sensory stimulation. Injury from without would simply have driven me to further head-banging. My agoraphobia is less if I am permitted to wear a hooded sweatshirt, hood up, but would have become crippling if my compensatory strategy had been forbidden by someone who did not understand, or worse, punished.)
I am the parent of a high functioning autistic child. This article made me sick. I thought these barbaric methods were illegal. Six dead people, 36 years of hurting countless other children and this guy isn't in jail? Not only that, but two of the "successes" Caroline and Janine were not cured by his methods. There are other medical models to help people on the autism spectrum, even those with severe behaviors. How can Michael Vick be prosecuted for torturing and killing dogs when this guy has been allowed to do the same thing to human beings and no one can stop him? Do we care more for animals than we do humans? It sure seems that way to me sometimes.
why not bring 8th amendment litigation against these people?
I have posted an extensive response to Ms. Gonnerman's article in the forum under the main article at http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/school_of_shock.html
Matthew L. Israel,Ph.D.
Executive Director
Judge Rotenberg Educational Center
www.judgerc.org
And for a fully formatted version of my response to Ms.Gonnerman's article, please see http://www.judgerc.org/ResponsetoGonnermanArticle.pdf
Matthew L. Israel, Ph.D.
Executive Director
Judge Rotenberg Educational Center
I am sure that none of you writing against JRC have a child who carries 7 psychiatric diagnoses and over the last several years has been on 30 medication combinations and intensive therapy (with positive behaviroal approaches) with nothing to show for it except severe physical side effects. This same child was kicked out of school becasue the state that he lived in had NO programming for him even in their special education programs. In the six months that he was not in school he ran away from home, was hospitalized, and arrested. After being admitted to JRC and spending 18 months there he is now medication free, getting his GED, working at a paid job, eating a vegetarian diet, and enjoying his life. JRC has saved this person's life when no program within his states borders could provide services to him.
Please see my response at http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/school_of_shock.html
Joseph: No, I do not have s[deleted][deleted]h a [deleted]hild in my [deleted]are; I AM s[deleted][deleted]h a [deleted]hild. I have been on most o[deleted] the anti-psy[deleted]hoti[deleted]s available today, many o[deleted] them at the same time. I have been hospitalized [deleted]ive times [deleted]or overdosing or severely inj[deleted]ring mysel[deleted]. I have seen [deleted]o[deleted]ntless therapists and do[deleted]tors sin[deleted]e I was yo[deleted]ng, b[deleted]t I wo[deleted]ld never want to be sent to this "s[deleted]hool". These ta[deleted]ti[deleted]s are ones I wo[deleted]ld expe[deleted]t to be employed against dissidents by the Taliban or Saddam H[deleted]ssein, not a so-[deleted]alled do[deleted]tor to treat PTSD and a[deleted]tism.
One of my favorite scenes on television was when this particular school was apparently portrayed on the TV show Law & Order.
The police investigated and showed up at the front door in force. An attendant opened the door and looked surprised.
The attendant said something to the effect that, "But the doctor is currently treating a patient!"
A police officer responded, THEN WE'RE JUST IN TIME!" And they came in and arrested the doctor.
We need CRIMINAL charges against the kind of aberrant violent behavior showed by the mental health practitioners in this article. Yes, we need a vastly reformed criminal justice system, so that such mental health practitioners receive fair, just sentences without any abuse. However, it is clear we need CRIMINAL sanctions against this kind of behavior.
Civil fines are not enough. I direct a nonprofit group MindFreedom International that is independent and unites about 100 grassroots groups. We call for changing the laws so that there are CRIMINAL sanctions against the extreme bullying behavior shown by the staff and administrators of this unit.
There is a social change movement led by psychiatric survivors, mental health consumers, concerned mental health workers, advocates, attorneys, supportive family members, all calling for a enormous change in the mental health system, a nonviolent revolution of empowerment, self-determination, choice, and human care.
Thank you Mother Jones for showing us all: It is time for democracy to get HANDS ON with programs about our vulnerable populations' mental and emotional well being!
Sincerely,
David Oaks, Director, MindFreedom International
http://www.mindfreedom.org
This is the most sickening series of pictures and articles that I have ever witnessed. Animal rights groups would not even put up with such barbaric treatment for disabled or misbehaving animals. Why will we excuse this method of treatment for human beings? Do we just not care for those who are disabled in various ways? We are parents of a developmentally disabled daughter and we do everything in our power to make sure that she is not mistreated or treated in any such despicable manner. I cannot believe that parents will allow their loved ones to be treated in such a facility regardless of the difficulty of care giving involved. We were all up in arms regarding treatment of prisoners of war who were caught trying to murder masses of Americans and we allow this method of treatment to be exercised on innocent and disabled persons. Let's stop this now. I do not see how any sane thinking person can defenc such activity to any degree.
We The People can't turn a blind eye to the harrific treatment. It made me sick to hear that there socking kids,kids the most inisint people on earth and this socalled doctor orders the facolty to shock a student for misbehaving. This doctor sounds like a quack or one Twisted Person. The Nazi did the same thing to mentel heath prisoners to.B.F. Skinner metheds are barbaric the same metheds used by the Good doctor him self. As a resident of Canton I was sad to hear this new.
I worked at this school and while I had an office job and did not care for the students myself; I interacted with them on a daily basis. (As much as one could). They have a structure and a purpose whereas before they did not. The notion that they get zapped so to speak for swearing or anything trivial is absurd. These students are dangerous at times to themselves and others and its only then that they would receive the GED; Moreover; only in extreme situations are these administered; they try every other possible means of restraint and negotiating before this actually occurs; By the article’s admission; one would think that this is common practice at this school and it clearly is not; In addition; the care providers are carefully monitored and I have seen the upper management question the care givers if there are any issues in regards to the administering of them, think of this as someone in a regular school setting and talking out with profanities and such; they are simply reprimanded and everything of course is charted and documented. All the GED usages are charted so that the full time nurse and full time psychologists can track them. They don’t just zap them for swearing or misbehaving; this is not the case. To the outside world; these poor people would be locked up in a room with massive amounts of drugs and have no life. Or the quality would be awful, I have seen over-whelming improvement in these students. Not all students respond to the same treatment, so again; this is where they are evaluated and then they are devised a plan that is geared for them. They seem to adapt and do better as time goes on. So, to say that they are abused when they misbehave is really a gross analogy of what really goes on there. Sometimes; its better to talk to the parents and have them tell you of the anguish they have endured by the lack of care and or a facility that would take care of their loved ones.; how before they went to JRC they were doomed to ultimately die or deteriorate in a hospital setting. To see parents visit their children at the school in a controlled environment and actually interact with them positively is a great accomplishment for the school. I have seen this first hand. The words that some people on the blog have described; barbaric and abusive is not factual and really totally wrong. Put yourself in someone else’s shoes for a moment; when you have a healthy child it’s easy to criticize. You have that luxury; What everyone has to understand is that the parents have to agree to treatment; then it has to be court ordered and yes; proven that the particular person is a danger and that there are alternative treatment options. This is all discussed thoroughly and with careful consideration. I have seen clients come in on a stretchers, dirty; confused and totally out of it; Within days and the weeks to follow: they are transformed; physically and mentally. Weaned off all of the “zombie” drugs that they were on; carefully. Better groomed; feeling better. A new environment; does all of this take some adjustments? of course; but this school really gives it the old college try and I mean that with the deepest empathy. Another thing that is really misleading in the article is the deprivation of food. Let me tell you all the students have 3 meals a day they are not refused meals at any time. Part of their own detailed treatment plan are rewards of food if they so choose; One student just likes to go to CVS for some gum. These are simply things that they can handle again; its geared toward that individual; one student likes to go to KFC once a week for the chicken; and again if he is cooperative during the week he gets to go. This is not in place of a meal; but an extra treat for good behavior. Forget about all you have read; and think about the treatment as cutting edge; which it surely is. I would not be writing this; if I thought that the school was mistreating them in any way; I also use to be a part-time teachers aid for special ed and also was a volunteer for DSS. And I can tell you about abuse. This school does not fit that shoe at all.
Could tell you more about the excellent treatment by the gym teacher and the other staff; they truly get to know these students and some partake in the extra curricular events they do; how they are rewarded for every good thing they do whether small or large; not just disciplined at random .
something wikked this way has come!
"First they came for the communists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a communist;
Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a socialist;
Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out - because I was not a trade unionist;
Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out - because I was not a Jew;
Then they came for me - and there was no one left to speak out for me".
Spoken by Martin Niemoller
Just keep on saying its all right they need to learn, our turn will be coming soon.
Yes, why don't Massachussetts shut JRC and Matthew Isreal down. I am tired of this school staying opened, because of barbaric treatments on handicapped people in all walks of life. Thank you.
I worked at JRC for almost 2 years. I've seen the good, the bad, the ugly...all under the same roof, and extending to almost every residence I supervised. I saw everything from corruption to torture. Yes, a school collecting Millions $$$ in different states' funds to deprive children of clothing, entertainment, and food. The head honcho, mentioned in the above article, uses that money to accumulate his wealth in properties, all of which are listed as being his, meaning under his name, and not under the Judge Rotenberg Center. Maybe his culture plays into it, since most are running this country, and do whatever they please. Let's get to an example of how to become a real-estate guru (20-30+ residences), using a non-profit organization to accumulate your wealth. The following are estimates, and can probably be found out because they're state funds provided by states sending these students to JRC. When I was there, I was given a figure of $200,000 per student coming from NY, and that can range up to $300,000+, depending on if the student needs staff 1-1, 2-1 with him/her at all times. A conservative estimate per additional staff needed to a student is $100,000 per year....but staff will never earn more than $40,000 per year working full-time with various students, so there's profit right here. When states are footing the bill, organizations love to charge $$$. This is ridiculous, since most of the time, these students never have a staff 1-1 with them 24 hrs./day because JRC is known for understaffing houses by all those who work there. Now, you take a house with 4 bedrooms, double-bunk beds, or 2 beds per room, and that adds up to 8 students. Take the 8 students and multiply that by $200,000 (minimum) = $1.6 million dollars. Next, you go out house hunting, and you find a run-down home, or foreclosed homes for about $100,000-$300,000. Next, you renovate/furnish the house up to desired operating condition...beautiful furniture, nice art, wired with cameras, mics, video equipment, etc. You just made out with a top-of-the-line, fully furnished house for yourself, after using it a few years in the program, and you throw the remaining $1.3 million into the program. So, since you're making out in Real-Estate, you decide to take a cut in pay, even though you still get an annual Salary to accompany your Jewish lifestyle. ;) In addition, with the remaining money ($1.3 million), you deprive students of clothing, force them to eat foods they don't like, or put them on portions, and then you purposefully put students into situations to break their contracts, at the last minute, so that you can prevent them from participating in any kind of social activities (ex: movies, trips, etc.). There's no oversight over how money's spent, how much is spent on each student, or where the money's ultimately going. That school is run by the seat of its pants...literally. Parents are manipulated into believing that all's well, when their lower-functioning son/daughter can't express himself/herself when being tortured, deprived, or ignored. This self-righteous master of deception lives the ultimate lifestyle...real-estate, $$$, the ability to manipulate employees, and torture students. From my exprience supervising many of the residences, as needed, they always put the least amount of staff necessary to a house to avoid having to employ all of its staff. Many times, this left staff at risk of becoming frustrated and abusing students, or causing students to notice this and attempt to attack staff. Many times, we used their intranet site to post our concerns/opinions, but they were either ignored and never posted for others to see, or you were looked at as a threat to the "status quo". Let's get into aversives... I have never in my life seen the torture that goes on in this school. Many times, I would personally stand in front of a camera when I suspected that a student was going to exhibit a behavior so that I wouldn't have to administer a GED (shock). Many times, I felt guilt, pity, or shame for being a part of this system, which derives it's profit from the misery of others. Yes, it's said that parents have to give permission to go on GED's (Graduated Electronic Devices), and that the judge also has to approve the treatment, but those kids are tortured. If I had to be on those devices, and was administered more than 1 per day for ridiculous JRC socially-unacceptable behaviors like nagging, failure to raise my hand to speak out in class, I would have gone insane and killed someone. I'm surprised that many of those kids actually tolerate such cruel form of torture. I feel for them because on many occasions, when I had to rotate their GEDS on an hourly basis, I noticed scars that were months old, and marks that would remain them, possibly, for the rest of their lives. These marks were actual burns from this device, which is powered by a batter starting at 12 volts, and lasts for 2 seconds. These GEDs can either be placed on your arms, around your waist, on your lower legs, in the center of a special shoes, on a board from which you can't remove your hand, or even in a glove. There are artists at the school who build these devices, and are constantly trying to come up with new methods under Mr. Torure's approval to get the most aversive effect from its administration. In the end, These people who work there (staff or EE's) are encouraged to write nice letters to all participating agencies associated with them, the parents, etc...all in order to keep their jobs, and the school open. There are many things I could go on about, but if they found out who I was, I would be legally responsible, since they make us sign papers, as they do all employees, to never say what goes on there, to avoid a lawsuit , and prosecution against us. However, being one of God's own, human laws don't apply to me, especially when it concerns inhumane treatment. I'm here to motivate, and teach people on how to fight against laws, policies, and procedures of unethical human beings who deceive people to make $$$.
Sorry, I forgot to spell check, and left a few things incomplete, so I had to re-post this. I worked at JRC for almost 2 years. I've seen the good, the bad, the ugly...all under the same roof, and extending to almost every residence I supervised. I saw everything from corruption to torture. Yes, a school collecting Millions $$$ in different states' funds to deprive children of clothing, entertainment, and food. The head honcho, mentioned in the above article, uses that money to accumulate his wealth in properties, all of which are listed as being his, meaning under his name, and not under the Judge Rotenberg Center. Maybe his culture plays into it, since most are running this country, and do whatever they please. Let's get to an example of how to become a real-estate guru (20-30+ residences), using a non-profit organization to accumulate your wealth. The following are estimates, and can probably be found out because they're state funds provided by states sending these students to JRC. When I was there, I was given a figure of $200,000 per student coming from NY, and that can range up to $300,000+, depending on if the student needs staff 1-1, 2-1 with him/her at all times. A conservative estimate per additional staff needed to a student is $100,000 per year....but staff will never earn more than $40,000 per year working full-time with various students, so there's profit right here. When states are footing the bill, organizations love to charge $$$. This is ridiculous, since most of the time, these students never have a staff 1-1 with them 24 hrs./day because JRC is known for understaffing houses by all those who work there. Now, you take a house with 4 bedrooms, double-bunk beds, or 2 beds per room, and that adds up to 8 students. Take the 8 students and multiply that by $200,000 (minimum) = $1.6 million dollars. Next, you go out house hunting, and you find a run-down home, or foreclosed homes for about $100,000-$300,000. Next, you renovate/furnish the house up to desired operating condition...beautiful furniture, nice art, wired with cameras, mics, video equipment, etc. You just made out with a top-of-the-line, fully furnished house for yourself, after using it a few years in the program, and you throw the remaining $1.3 million into the program. So, since you're making out in Real-Estate, you decide to take a cut in pay, even though you still get an annual Salary to accompany your Jewish lifestyle. ;) In addition, with the remaining money ($1.3 million), you deprive students of clothing, force them to eat foods they don't like, or put them on portions, and then you purposefully put students into situations to break their contracts, at the last minute, so that you can prevent them from participating in any kind of social activities (ex: movies, trips, etc.). There's no oversight over how money's spent, how much is spent on each student, or where the money's ultimately going. That school is run by the seat of its pants...literally. Parents are manipulated into believing that all's well, when their lower-functioning son/daughter can't express himself/herself when being tortured, deprived, or ignored. This self-righteous master of deception lives the ultimate lifestyle...real-estate, $$$, the ability to manipulate employees, and free will to torture students. From my experience supervising many of the residences, as needed, they always put the least amount of staff necessary to a house to avoid having to employ all of its staff. Many times, this left staff at risk of becoming frustrated and abusing students, or causing students to notice this and attempting to attack staff. Many times, we used JRC’s intranet site to post our concerns/opinions, but they were either ignored and never posted for others to see, or you were looked at as a threat to the "status quo". Let's get into aversives... I have never in my life seen the torture that goes on in this school. Many times, I would personally stand in front of a camera when I suspected that a student was going to exhibit a behavior so that I wouldn't have to administer a GED (shock). Many times, I felt guilt, pity, or shame for being a part of this system, which derives its profit from the misery of others. Yes, it's said that parents have to give permission to go on GEDs (Graduated Electronic Devices), and that the judge also has to approve the treatment, but those kids are the ones ultimately being tortured. If I had to be on those devices, and was administered more than 1 per day for ridiculous JRC socially-unacceptable behaviors (ex: nagging, failure to raise my hand to speak out in class), I would have gone insane and killed someone. There have been students receiving up to 50+ more/day. I'm surprised that many of those kids actually tolerate such cruel form of torture. I feel for them because on many occasions, when I had to rotate their GEDs on an hourly basis, I noticed scars that were months old, and marks that would remain with them, possibly, for the rest of their lives. These marks were actual burns from this device, which is powered by a battery (12v, 24, and even 36v), and lasts for 2 seconds. I administered one to myself in training just to see what it would be like to be giving them to the students. The 12v alone will bring a tear to your eye, even if you don’t flinch, and leaves a red burn mark…imagine a 24v, or even a 36v device. These GEDs can either be placed on your arms, around your waist, on your lower legs, in the center of a special shoes, on a board from which you can't remove your hand, or even in a glove. There are artists at the school who build these devices, and are constantly trying to come up with new methods under Mr. Torture’s approval to get the most aversive effect from its administration. In the end, These people who work there (staff or EE's) are encouraged to write nice letters to all participating agencies associated with them, the parents, etc...all in order to keep their jobs, and the school open. There are many things I could go on about, but if they found out who I was, I would be legally responsible, since they make us sign papers, as they do all employees, to never say what goes on there, to avoid a lawsuit , and prosecution against us. However, being one of God's own, human laws don't apply to me, especially when it concerns inhumane treatment. I'm here to motivate, and teach people on how to fight against laws, policies, and procedures of unethical human beings who deceive people to make $$$.
Oh geez, the fact that the school tells you to write a nice letter is absurd. I worked there as I stated and left awhile ago. I haven't been there or talked to anyone in years. I just happened to read some of the silly blogs. Look, if you are talking about the houses the students live in; lets take a look at that. If you are asking the state to find and maintain a "nice" residence for your sick child then you might as well forget about it. A facility in a hospital setting is all you are going to get. Talk about a morale booster.
The houses are purchased by the school I am sure. Not run down 3 families in bad neighborhoods but nice decent houses that they transform into cheery, decorated works of art. They don't scrimp at anything as far as when I was employed there. The homes were always beautifully decorated carefully themed for a particular student, clean places to reside, a far cry from a hospital bed with a metal frame. And why not ? This is the mind-set at the school. They certainly could cut corners if they chose to.
As far as the staff or the lack there-of, its like any other business. Relying on young people to show up for work is a challenge no matter where you work. All mental health and state run facilites have a hard time keeping staff as well; at this school I was surprised to see that they have a "search" almost weekly of new hires for the group homes. It would'nt behoove them to "under staff" a house on purpose as it has been stated. If someone calls in sick or they don't show. Of course the home is understaffed. Its just common sense. They do try to pull other workers from different homes or call someone in. Its that simple. The GED device was devised for severe destructive behaviors not just for nagging or swearing again this is misinformation. The school has never ran buy the seat of their pants; its organized, well informed and professional. All and any information about real estate, monies made, etc can be found out by anyone if they so choose. To talk about someone's ethnic background is not the subject here nor should it. A lot of information is confidential regarding the students as it should. Not unlike any other state run facility or hospital. Its funny how much information people seem to know and really don't. I don't even want to begin to quote this real estate guru's assets. (whish is funny).
Heck, If I wanted to be a real estate mogul, I surely wouldn't buy homes for sick kids to live in; have it trashed, fix it over and over again and expect to make a "real" profit. I guess Donald Trump should give JRC some advice. ? Everyone has to understand that again; torture doesn't fit this school at all. There has to be structure, boundaries and limits; in any program. JRC does its best to accomplish that.
But Teri - thats how MAKES his money. To make his money he has to make it look like he cares for kids. Thats how he GETS his houses. Too scared to speak up? Or too apethetic to speak up? How do you excuse zapping children for SNEEZING? And how many times were YOU guilty of torturing kids by zapping them? It's also VERY UNLIKE "any other state run facility or hospital", zapping kids is not allowed, and it purports to be an EDUCATIONAL facility, not a hospital in any case. The fact its obvious you don't give a damn makes you as guilty as Israel and when he goes down, hopefully those employees who try to excuse Matt Israel's cruelty in order to excuse YOUR OWN cruelty to children will end up where child abusers belong. In jail for a long, long time. SICKENING.
Oh, hang on, YOU WERE JUST FOLLOWING ORDERS. Right? Jesus Christ!
Part I
I guess if you people want to find out what really goes on behind all the beautiful walls of artwork at JRC, and at Israel's residences, you should probably have someone from the state infiltrate, and work there undercover. I'm surprised the state, or any other concerned agency, hasn't made an attempt to run a sting operation on this place. It's a pity the state didn't hire me to do it...I was the best at detecting abuse, ignorance, incompetence, injustice, and organizational terrorism. I was apalled at being told during training at the main administrative building that I should write a letter to the state, and MA state mental health agencies, letting them know the reasons I thought JRC was a nice place to work. They make you do it during JRC's computer training. You're also told that not only is it good for the school, but it helps to keep you in a job...lol, ridiculous. I never did such a letter because I felt that something shady was going on, all the more reason for me to work there long enough to understand what was really going on. This place is not only a lab for studying kids' behaviors and punishing them for them, but they also play psychological games with all the employees who come in contact with these students. Their objective is to see how far they can push you as an employee/staff before you either quit, or do something stupid for them to get rid of you. In essence, they do it by rotating staff around to see how certain kids (especially violent ones) deal with different people, and they also do it by understaffing so that each employee is responsible sometimes for up to 10 kids...can you imagine if something goes wrong, and your life's in danger, or if one of these kids decides to make for the door? If they see you're too nice to these kids, and rarely pinpoint their behaviors, you get written up for it... it's called a PIO (Performance Improvement Opportunity). You get these things for everything, but anyhow, you're constantly working with different people, many times people with no culture, no manners, and no respect for others, and who find every opportunity available to write you up if they see that you're following procedures and pose a threat to their independence of how "they" do things. Also, there are quotas (rumored through the grape-vine) that employees must meet on PIOs given to others if you want to advance to a higher position, like Supervisor, Case Manager, etc. PIOs are a sign that you're being tough on people, and they love that. In addition, you must be pinpointing students' behaviors all the time, and this also helps you to advance because it shows you're being tough on kids/students. Like I said, you're being monitored, and listened to at all times.
Part II They have people they call "Monitors" working at the main building, these guys are people who worked their way up from a Mental Health Assistant to Supervisor, to RC (Residential Counselor), to Case Manager...they make between $15-18/hr. just to sit down at a PC back at the main building watching all classrooms during school, and all the residences, once the kids arrive there after school until they leave for school the next morning. If these people are monitoring a specific residence, and have a specific student's program in their hand as they monitor you dealing with that student, they're watching for any particular behaviors on the camera they know that student has, which will earn them a GED (shock). Most of the time, I was aware of these behaviors also, so I would just stand in front of the camera so the Monitors couldn't see the kid's behaviors...I felt bad for these kids. As soon as I did this, I would get a call from this Monitor asking me not to stand in front of the camera so that he/she could see the student, and I would be written up for it. Like I said, if you want to advance in this place, you have to give out lots of PIOs, and you have to make sure that all kids' behaviors are being pinpointed and recorded on their sheets to the T. See, they have behavior charts for all the kids, and as long as the kids' behaviors are being pinpointed, the school can show records of progress resulting from their methods, and this keeps JRC in business. As far as the teachers at JRC...it's a joke. These teachers are promoted in-house, and many advance into the teaching positions by starting out as Classroom Aides. There's no outside certification, or degree required. Most of the material these students are covering will never get them anywhere in the real world. They play lots of educational games on the classroom PCs, but nothing that will ever earn them a GED. It's a smoke-screen to show progress also...especially for the lower-functioning kids. In fact, many of the people in management don't even have degrees for the positions they're working in...they were promoted there because they had no other place to go, and wanted to advance into more $$$. This demonstrates incompetence, and the need to hire from within is to avoid paying good money to people who actually invested in an education, and have the qualifications necessary to work in those respective departments. As far as the abuse/torture goes, many of these kids that are being strapped down, and shocked, are supposed to be given a form in which they can report abuse, or whether they felt they were treated appropriately. Many are being denied this form, are never made aware about it, fail to fill it out because they can't read/write, because they know there will be consequences, or because they'll be discredited by those employees working with them. Many kids don't even know this form exists. Someone ought to investigate this... At JRC, staff/employees are usually united when it comes to covering their asses for one small misjudgment(ex: failure to check restraints every 15 minutes, denying the student water, or the right to go the bathroom while restrained, etc.), or action against one of these kids (ex: touching them physically away from the camera, or from an obstructed view, etc.). You cover JRC's ass from lawsuits, and they'll prevent you from losing your job.
Part III Fortunately for me, I did everything within my power to work my shifts with the least amount of problems, and the students respected me because I was fair, and always tried to give them advice by whispering it to them so I wouldn't be listened to on their mics. Oh yeah, we were told never to give kids advice because we weren't their psychologists...they had psychologists there for that, who they were paying big $$$ to. We were told never to socialize with these kids...lol, why do you think kids respected me, and loved me? ;) As a supervisor, I was always being requested, or asked about. Even with the most troubled kids, at the worst residences, I managed to have the respect of those kids. The lesson I tried to teach to most of the people I worked with at JRC was that if you respect these kids, and treat them with dignity, you'll get the same in return. After almost 2 years of learning everything I needed to know about this place, I finally came to the conclusion that despite how much I loved working with these kids in general (higher & lower-functioning), and just making sure that I was a positive influence for them, I had to leave because the people I was working with just weren't at my level as intelligent beings. These people didn't really understand these kids at all, never respected them, and were always trying to see them at their worst to keep management happy, and in business. For 2 years, I can say that I was happy with the job I did personally, and that I was able to give back by helping kids who couldn't help themselves. It was a great experience as far as all the kids I met, and learned a lot from. As far as the school, and its management...I hope I never see an organization like that ever again in my life. Just thinking about it stresses me out, and makes me want to go "Postal". There's a saying...behind all the beauty, there's lots of ugliness, and this school uses all of its beauty and charm to seduce kids & their parents to this school, but the ugliness eventually reveals itself at the hands of these Puppet Masters who are running it once these kids are lured in.
Part IV For those of you who don't know, Dr. Israel use to run a center in Rhode Island, but when he tried to introduce aversive procedures into the center, he was denied the right...that's why he ran to MA. I also feel a need to mention that Mr. Israel is not only Jewish, but the actual judge, Rotenberg, who allowed Mr. Israel to establish this center in MA, for who it is named after, was also Jewish. It seems kind of Hypocritical to me how you can come from a culture that's constantly crying foul due to all the torture/genocide they suffered under Hitler, yet you give a Jew an education, and some power, and that person uses it to engage in the torture of others, in this case, innocent kids. Last I checked, even the worst criminals in this country aren't subjected to GEDs, or any other form shock treatment. I can tell you, as one of God's own, your kind were condemned by God the day your people envisioned Jesus's death. He may have been crucified by Pontius Pilate, and the Romans, but it was the self-righteous Jewish priests that wanted him dead because he didn't believe in their teachings. Your people stoned women, regardless of what she did with her own life... you pitiful humans. As far as today goes, you're still a very secretive society that's tightly-knit, and you work your dirty little deeds behind closed doors, and with the help of others who seek to benefit $$$ from a mutual relationship. You get into everything from dirty politics, to murdering Lebanese & Palestinians (innocent women & children), profit from the trading of blood diamonds, Pearl trade, etc. Where there's $$$, you people are there to find access to it...whether it's in a legal/peaceful manner, or through genocide. As a human being, I'm personally part Jewish through blood on my mother's side somewhere along the line, but I would never acknowledge such, and would be ashamed to after what History has revealed to me. I will make a point that there are many good Jewish people in this World, people that are humble, people that are always trying to do good toward others, but these people also realize that their ancestors sinned, and these are the people I admire, and have respect for. I myself know that my people have sinned in the past also, and try to educate the newer generations as to why God punished them at some point in time, just as God punished America for 9/11. Every country that has ever committed a sin against Humanity has suffered God's wrath in response...it's done through what you call "Mother Nature". Enough with the little History lesson... To conclude, I want to mention that JRC's motto is to never deny anyone admission to JRC...I'm sure you can imagine why!!!$$$
Barbara you should take a tour of JRC; when you can. Then you could make an educated opinion of it. What I think is more awful than the allegations on this blog is Senator Joyce; using this forum for votes; Clearly he doesn't know the school firsthand and perhaps doesn't care about the care and welfare of these students. One thing that you said hit me, that there is no proof that adversives really work this is a fallacy. I have seen this, myself; again its hard to see these poor kids and what they go through;just by virture of their own disorders and behaviors. I can think of about a dozen students who improved remarkably. You should go down to the school yourself and request a tour.
They always welcome visitors. Another thing that you said was not correct either. Most of the students parents welcome the chance to visit with them and spend some quality time with them. Since the students are monitored, medically, and physically the parents confer with the staff before coming down; first to access their child's progress and to make sure that the time is right. Its not unlike any other hospital or facility. I have never heard a parent say that they are guilty or fearful of JRC or the treatment of their kids. I have only seen positive responses from parents. So, thats news to me. I am not saying that every facility is 100% percent wonderful. I am merely saying that JRC does the best work it can to manage these students and their behaviors and most of the students have a much better quality of life; then when they first enter the school.
I have visited the Judge Rotenberg Center and was impressed by its appearance and the positive reinforcment of clients and staff! If Dr. Israel is using these harsh punishments on EVERYONE he treats, regardless of the function of the life-threatening behavior, then I cannot agree that those consequences are appropriate. However, he must get court approval and he must show that the life threatening behavior had not been mediated through positive changes in the environment. If this is not the case, then I cannot accept these harsh punishments for the clients. These methods must be saved for the most horrendous life threatening behaviors that cannot be changed in any other way.
The legitimate use of aversives is to stop the kids from injuring themselves, and only when there's some reason why differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors is unfeasible. I don't know anything about whether the program in question used them appropriately or not.
How do we stop this torture????
Hardly surprising that the USA allows this kind of torture of its own citizens. After all, the American public voted for (and mostly supported, until recently) a federal government that uses torture and terrorism to impose its political will on other countries. Why are people surprised that this outward attitude is simply a reflection of what they allow in their own country, on their own citizens? This school is but a microcosm of the utter disregard American society has for respect and dignity of people as individuals. Something people from outside the USA (and many Americans) have been trying to tell Americans for many years now.
Americans have lost the ability to look critically at themselves and their actions. Your press (apart from MotherJones, Alternet and a very few other rare gems) completely ignores your own inhumanity towards yourselves, let alone towards others.
The American constitution and country was founded by people with tremendous vision and deep understanding of philosophy and human rights. It was grown by people who had traveled extensively and were able to apply what they had learned elsewhere to solving the problems of their nation. Since World War 2, unfortunately, Americans have become increasingly insular, arrogant and patronizing towards other countries. This seems to have resulted in a societal inability for the USA to learn from the success or failures of other nations.
Coming back to this particular case: this type of therapy was used in Europe a long time ago. After many years, it was found to be ineffective in the long term, and eventually seen to be utterly barbaric. The practice was mostly banned. It seems the USA has yet again failed to learn from others, preferring instead to repeat the errors of their elders rather than finding new errors to make.
should persons who suffer from HIV be plcae in a stste rnu facility
should parents have the right to choose their children career path
Germany declared war on the US on December, 11, 1941, four days after Pearl Harbour. The US announced victory in Europe on May 8, 1945. That's one thousand, two hundred and forty-four days. We've been in Iraq one thousand, two hundred and forty-seven days---and still the Administration has no exit strategy, no plan for victory and no clue what it is doing. In case you'd forgotten, George W. Bush declared "Mission Accomplished" aboard an aircraft carrier over three years ago. "In the battle of Iraq," Bush said, "The United States and our allies have prevailed." Perhaps that pronouncement was a little premature. Twelve hundred and four days later, our troops are still paying the price.
i think children/teenages should chhose ther carre
The man is a criminal & evil so is the
judge backing him up .
Why is Dr israel love abusing children and so many ways? just because back then in world war 2 the nazis took his family because he was a STUPID DIRTY JEW whiches that's what he is why did't they take him along with his parents he must have been hiding in a bunker haa if I was a naziS I would have made sure I find him and THROW HIM IN THAT CAMP AND MADE SURE HE FRIED TO HELL WITH HIM FOR TORTUING THOSE POOR KIDS THAT HAVE TO DEAL WITH THIS EVERYDAY YOU EVIL GOOD FOR NOTHING STUPID JEW SOMEONE NEEDS TO STOP THIS F######## JEW BEFORE SOMETHING HAPPENS TO THESE PEOPLE IN THIS PLACE THERE ARE HUMANS NOT ANIAMLS IN A FARM HOUSE LIKE YOUR JEWISH PARENTS WHERE IN A CAMP IS THIS HOW YOU TAKE YOUR PAIN OUT ON CHILDREN BY GIVING THEM SHOCKS TO THERE BODYS YOU SHOULD BE MAD AT THE NAZIS THAT TOOK YOUR FAMILY NOT THE KIDS YOU SON OF BITCH THEY HAVE THE RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM A ABUSE YOU HAVE NO RIGHT TO HURT THEM YOU OLD RUG SACK BITCH
I am so heartbroken to think that the country I am so proud to be a part of could allow this type of child abuse. I have a sick family member that had the same type of discipline ideas as this so-called doctor Isreal. She tried similar physically and mentally abusive mindgame/pain sick reward and punishment tactics on me as a child. I am now 38 and she is 91. I am a good grandchild to her, but hate her for her internal demons. I fear she will simply rot in hell for eternity. I want to cry for these helpless and abused children. Parents, please realize what you have done. I never forgave my mother for putting me in my abusive grandmothers care. She is a sick (I can compare her actions to Hitler) and confused individual. Please, America, please stop this man and his facility. Why are we fearing his power? Please, someone have the stregth to see the damage here.
"Jewish lifestyle"?
Good for you to care about human rights, but please stop with the antisemitism.
I must point out that this article by Jennifer Gonnerman is a one sided hatchet job that gives great emphasis to just about anything negative you can think of about JRC and Matthew Israel and gives zero emphasis on all of the positives that far outweigh all the negatives. Ms. Gonnerman deliberately designed this article so that it would anger the readers. She set the tone of the article right from the first sentence, opening with “Rob Santana awoke terrified.” In response to this unfair article, many people lashed out at the school. The very few parents and former student whom had the courage to come on here and tell their story were quickly greeted with snide remarks and viewed in the least favorable light possible. Early on, a former student had the courage to come on here and tell his story. In return, several people made snide remarks towards him, made fun of him because his spelling wasn’t perfect, and one person even assertively suggested that this former student was really a staff person hired by Matthew Israel to pose as a former student whom benefitted from the treatment. If I were to read this article with no previous knowledge of JRC or Matthew Israel, I would lash out at the school and I would certainly waist no time in lashing out at those who dare say anything positive about JRC or Matthew Israel. In June of 2006, Geraldo Rivera, host of the FOX newscast, Geraldo at Large, did a story on JRC, and although in his closing summation, Mr. Rivera expressed his displeasure for the treatment, he equally presented both sides of the issue, which is what Ms. Gonnerman should have done, but did not. I believe that both Rob Santana and Antwone both deserve a fair amount of attention, however, those who support and benefitted from the treatment deserved equal amount of attention, and that did not happen. Those who so intently oppose this treatment either do not have the ability to have an open mind or have established their unwillingness to have an open mind. It is possible to have an open mind and in the end, still disapprove of the treatment. Those who read this article and wish to post negative comments about the school should first take the time to look at the school’s website “www.judgerc.org.”
People have no idea unless they worked there!!! I would never ever put my child there. I dont know who the hell gave him the power to treat the kids like that! Some of the kids that recieved the application was a mistake from staff that had no idea what they was doing.
He needs to be SHUT DOWN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Who is this guy Israel? He is the front fingers of a larger group financing and using him to experiment FOR THEM so they can control the masses of the WORLD POPULATION. These Psychiatrist and Big Pharmaceutical companies based in Germany...still have an agenda....elimination of the CROSSBREED JEWS. Russia, Nazi Germany, Bosnia, Crotia, Albania, Ser Lieon, El Salvadore, Chili, Hutus and Tutsies where the police were given LISTS OF NAMES OF WHO NEEDED TO BE ELIMINATED AS WAS DONE IN NAZI GERMANY AND RUSSIA, Sudan today, Middle East wars, American Indians, Scots in 1446, Cambodia and Vietnam, World War I and World War II, on and on, these were CLEANSING OF THE BLOODLINES TO KILL OFF THE.....CROSSBREED JEWS.... to purify the race.....
Psychiatrist is the front fingers of Socialism.....Socialism is equal to Bolshovic....and Bolshovic is almost Word for word from the ...Talmoud....
Now you get it....who controls the Newspapers Radio and TV, the Movies, the Printing Houses, the Government from behind (Kissinger),THE COURT SYSTEMS, THE FEDERAL JUDGES, THE POLITICAL PARTIES, who bankrupted our country so they could LEND US MONEY TO BAIL US OUT, who created the income tax afterwards since we were now their slaves and before our constitution protected us from ever having an income tax, who created the Federal Reserve to print our money for us and charge us face value such as $20.00 of gold for paper that costs cents to print, who controls the FDA those 8 little men who protect the pharmaceutical companies that are German owned, WHO IS FIGHTING ...ALL...RELIGIONS EXCEPT ONE...AND THAT ONE IS FIGHTING ALL OTHERS...AND TRYING TO GET THEM DISCREDITED AND THEN BANNED...???
Who controls Psychiatry a high Number are Psychiatrist..., who controls the schools now and can come into your child's schools and do electric shock and drug experiments on your children without your permission or knowledge,who created the Nazis and allowed the Germans to take the fall and guilt of killing millions world wide while the group pretended to be the victims and all the while looked innocent and religious while motivating others to do their bloodline cleansings for them, who controls the United Nations and creates their laws and rules...from within...
Recall Cruchev after the war was over said Russia would conquer us from within without firing a shot...well they have for a long time now...
we are their slaves....they take our hard earned money, and pretend to allow us to have a few freedoms....
while they eliminate us systematically by wars instigated, motivated and financed from behind.
Originally using the Churches and religions to control the world, now using Psychiatry to control the world population, now creating the Middle Eastern wars to kill off the crossbreed jews from Abraham.....another bloodline cleansing....as was done in Vietnam, and China years ago, and Africa where forced famines and wars are killing thousands daily,
Innoculations laced with viruses to lay dormant until the immune systems are artificially lowered with toxins such as Flouride which destroys the lining of the intestines not allowing B12 to absorb and other nutrients to absorb, creating premature death and open to illnesses laying dormant which make it look like natural death.
Feeding politicians and religious leaders from behind, false data to manipulate them to fight wars world wide for thousands of years,so under the cover of war the crossbreeds can be eliminated.
Get it guys,.....!!! We have all been had!!!
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