Renee Taylor was busy when I spoke with her. She was making 500 meals, following the day’s menu, “tamales, tacos, rice, pico,” accompanied by the background clamor of clattering metal serving trays.
Following her release in 2013 after 25 years in various Chicago-area prisons, the 52-year-old Taylor has been prepping and delivering meals for the food service company ChiFresh Kitchen. This isn’t any old restaurant gig: Taylor owns a piece of her workplace. ChiFresh belongs to its five worker-owners, all of whom have also done time.
At worker cooperatives, workers both own and run the business. Sometimes they must buy in to become owners, and they may also have representation on a board of directors. Worker-owners tend to benefit far more directly from their co-op’s economic success, as the proceeds and the control stay with them. While co-ops make up a small portion of US small businesses, the pandemic and its aftermath have helped popularize the model. According to Mo Manklang, policy director of the nonprofit US Federation of Worker Cooperatives, there are now 465 verified worker-owned co-ops in the country, up 36 percent since 2013. And about 450 more are in their start-up phase.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ChiFresh_0085.jpg?w=642)
Renee Taylor of ChiFresh Kitchen
Anjali Pinto
Given today’s epic income inequality and tremendous corporate consolidation and union-busting—with the work that is actually available increasingly unstable and episodic—it’s no wonder that the people are drawn to a model that gives them back some power. The interest in co-ops marks a return to what Emily Kawano, the co-director of the co-op development organization Wellspring Cooperative Corporation, calls making a “livelihood” rather than just earning a paycheck.
Taylor, who had previously bounced between various retail jobs, was nervous at first about becoming a worker-owner, but she quickly warmed up to an unusual opportunity that included free classes in business fundamentals like bookkeeping that ChiFresh sponsors. “I really want to learn everything about the business,” she says. “I want to make it grow.”
In May 2021, three New York City drivers rolled out The Drivers Cooperative, a ride-hailing company and app owned and operated by cab drivers fed up with what they see as Uber’s exploitation of their work. They say they are now the largest worker cooperative in the country, with 3,500 members.The Drivers Cooperative co-founder Erik Forman, an organizer and a teacher with a taxi license, said he was inspired to create the co-op when frustrated drivers “kept coming to me to ask why we don’t start our own app.” At the beginning of their efforts, the driver-owners did emergency food delivery for the city during the pandemic, and also drove their first customers to early voting at the behest of Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.
“Working class desire is for more control and even to own the place you work,” says Forman. While Uber and Lyft can take 25 percent off each of the drivers’ rides, the Drivers Cooperative plans to take only a commission of 15 percent while also giving the drivers any additional profits as dividends. As he was organizing the co-op, Forman ran online classes and got drivers to talk about their experiences on Zoom with the hope of building relationships among the drivers, leading to “consciousness raising,” as he puts it. New York City’s for-hire drivers are 91 percent immigrant and often also BIPOC. The co-op, Forman says, can be a model for “rethinking ownership as a way of rethinking racial justice.”
The new interest in worker co-ops can also be read as a reaction to the experience of our federal and local governments letting people down during the COVID-era. According to the Harvard University-based the Economic Tracker, there were 37.5 percent fewer small businesses open in June 2021 as there were in January 2020, before the pandemic. Partly as a result, millions of people have been laid off. “During the downturn, people turned to worker cooperatives,” says Manklang. “It’s typical of what people do when their government is unable to meet the moment.”
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/driverscoop_IMG_4493.jpg?w=1300)
Ken Lewis heads down Utica Avenue in Crown Heights, Brooklyn. He has been driving off and on since moving to the US from Grenada for graduate school in 1992.
Joseph Rodriguez
Worker co-ops expanded in the United States in another such moment, the 1880s, many of them founded by Black people after the Civil War. “When we were freed after slavery, and went to work, we got the worst jobs and the worst pay and the least disposable income,” says Jessica Gordon-Nembhard, author of Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice. “Cooperatives were the way to get around” the exclusion from traditional businesses and even banks. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, freed Blacks started mutual aid societies. They pooled members’ dues and monthly fees to pay for burials, and then additional stipends for widows and orphans, and shared money and work to buy and run farms.
The New Deal era also encouraged this cooperative work ethos, with the well-named Self-Help Cooperative Movement, which started in 1932 when unemployed people in the Compton neighborhood of Los Angeles contacted farmers outside of the city to set up a barter system: labor for food. (The co-ops back then made more than just food—the worker-owned Cooperative Industries of Washington, DC, for instance, manufactured barrels.) And these cooperatives didn’t die off in the Great Depression. In the 1960s and ’70s, there were also hundreds such enterprises.
And as the 2020 pandemic took hold, the worker co-op paradigm, with its labor-centered approach to business, held renewed appeal. Camille Kerr, the community organizer who conceived of ChiFresh, saw the co-op as an employment opportunity for formerly incarcerated women and a way to push ideas like non-hierarchical ownership, with each owner-worker sharing in the decision-making about, say, weekly menus. “The pandemic lifted up the need for us to focus on meeting each other’s needs, and to have infrastructure to meet each other’s needs,” says Kerr. “Things are going to happen, natural disasters. What better way to do it than collectively owned?”
Worker-ownership also often leads to better pay: Worker-owners earn an average of $19.67 per hour, according to the Democracy at Work Institute—more than seven dollars higher than employees of standard businesses. ChiFresh worker-owners pay themselves $18 per hour and are guaranteed 40-hour work weeks. And according to Manklang, worker co-ops also have a lower failure rate.
Earlier this year, California Rep. Ro Khanna remarked at a town hall at Santa Clara University: “Worker cooperatives can be part of the solution in building the working class and the middle class in this country.”
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ChiFresh_0036.jpg?w=642)
Kimberly Britt of ChiFresh
Anjali Pinto
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ChiFresh_0007.jpg?w=642)
Worker-owner-prepped meals at ChiFresh Kitchen
Anjali Pinto
That’s not to say creating or running a worker cooperative is always easy. In Manklang’s view, banks and other funders also tend to act as barriers to co-ops in a way they don’t to traditional businesses. “The normal business model is ownership by one or two people, with people that work for them below,” she says. Since a business loan for a company tends to go to only one or two people, not a dozen, co-ops often find it tricky to access financing. The government tends to leave co-ops out in the cold as well: Federal grants may have sustained small businesses during the pandemic but didn’t do so for most worker cooperatives as most were not deemed eligible, according to reporting by ProPublica.
For the worker-owners I spoke with, these risks were all worth it, perhaps most of all for the sense of personal agency that being an owner confers upon a person. “We set our own wages and have meetings on a regular basis,” says Taylor, of her and ChiFresh’s other worker-owners. “I want to make the company work for me.”
The Economic Hardship Reporting Project and Mother Jones sent six photographers to document co-ops in six regions of the country. The question underlying the assignment was both practical and utopian: What does it look like when ordinary people are their own bosses?
The Local Cooperative
If someone in Selma, Alabama, mentions the Local Cooperative, they’re really talking about two food-related co-ops that sustain each other: the Local Farm Cooperative and the Local Restaurant Cooperative. Both were established in 2018, two years after community members set a goal of building local solidarity. All members of the Local Farm Cooperative are on their way to becoming worker-owners, and many, like Alfonza Greer, have personal roots in Alabama agriculture. “I think I can grow as good as any farm could grow if I had the land to work with,” says Greer, a third-generation farmer. “I like the peace and quiet. I like to watch plants grow.”
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/LocalCoop_AnnieFlanagan_04.jpeg?w=642)
The Local Cooperative member Jennie Peeples
Annie Flanagan
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/LocalCoop_AnnieFlanagan_05.jpeg?w=642)
Tomatoes planted by Local Co-op members
Annie Flanagan
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/LocalCoop_AnnieFlanagan_01.jpg?w=1300)
The Local Co-op member Alfonza Greer works at the co-op’s farm in Selma, Alabama
Annie Flanagan
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/LocalCoop_AnnieFlanagan_02.jpg?w=1300)
Greer with produce from the Local Co-op’s farm
Annie Flanagan
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/LocalCoop_AnnieFlanagan_03.jpg?w=1300)
Greer breaks open collard seeds
Annie Flanagan
Opportunity Threads
Opportunity Threads, a worker-owned cut- and-sew factory in Western North Carolina, specializes in customizing patterns and producing small runs of products. The mill belongs to the Industrial Commons, a larger network of worker co-ops launched in 2015 with the goal of building a “new southern working class that erases the inequities of generational poverty and builds an economy and future for all.” Employees are voted in as worker-owners after a 12–18 month vetting process. Most of the mill’s staff descend from Mayans who immigrated to the region from civil-war-ravaged Guatemala.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_1702-1.jpg?w=1300)
Another one of the Industrial Commons’ worker-owned businesses is Material Return, which was born out of a need for repurposing fabric waste created by the textile industry. Clothing remnants are compacted and sent to South Carolina, where they’re shredded and returned to Material Return for transformation into yarn.
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/OpportunityThreads_StacyKranitz_05.jpg?w=1300)
Linda Hester works on a single needle machine, meant for more intricate tasks.
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_301.jpg?w=642)
Fabric used for Chewy dog harnesses
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_1801.jpg?w=642)
Linda Hester is planning to retire next year. She’s looking forward to traveling as much as possible and visiting her family along the way.
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_1155.jpg?w=1300)
Xavier Garcia is the Pickup Manager at Material Return.
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_1019.jpg?w=1300)
Fabric from Material Return.
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_2545.jpg?w=1300)
Before starting the Industrial Commons, Molly Hemstreet, center, was an ESL teacher.
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_3250.jpg?w=642)
Hemstreet says the Industrial Commons prioritizes people, planet and profit equally.
Stacy Kranitz
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/opthreads_20210617_MJ-Co-op_3004.jpg?w=642)
16-year-old Melissa does most of the translating for her parents, Reyna and Marcello, both of whom work at Opportunity Threads.
Stacy Kranitz
A Slice of New York
Kirk Vartan and his wife, Marguerite Lee, opened the first location of A Slice of New York in 2006, when Vartan quit a career in tech to open a New York–style pizzeria in Silicon Valley. Vartan and Lee eventually realized they wanted to achieve broader aims with their shops: to be more inclusive and less hierarchical with those working alongside them. The business became a worker-owned cooperative in 2017 and now has two shops, one in San Jose and the other in Sunnyvale.
The pizzerias have 27 workers, 13 of them cooperative members. Membership is open to all employees and is optional. To qualify, employees must work for at least one year or 1,200 hours; commit to working there for two years; pay $3,000, which can be paid in installments; and have their application accepted by 75 percent of members.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sliceofny_coop_01.jpg?w=1300)
Pizza-themed social distancing markers at A Slice of New York in San Jose, California.
Constanza Hevia H.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sliceofny_coop_02.jpg?w=1300)
“How long for a large pie?” asks co-owner Kirk Vartan at A Slice of New York in San Jose.
Constanza Hevia H.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sliceofny_coop_03.jpg?w=990)
Colin Webster is a shift leader at the Sunnyvale shop.
Constanza Hevia H.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sliceofny_coop_05.jpg?w=990)
Customers’ art on a wall at A Slice of New York.
Constanza Hevia H.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sliceofny_coop_04.jpg?w=1300)
Customers wait in line for pick-up orders. At the beginning of the pandemic, ASONY stopped selling by the slice for safety reasons, a difficult but necessary decision since slices are the soul of the business. After a week, co-op members suggested creating a 10-inch pie as a replacement. Slices came back in December 2020, but by that time the 10-inch pie was so popular, they decided to keep making it and also sell it frozen.
Constanza Hevia H.
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/sliceofny_coop_06.jpg?w=1300)
Adrian Valadez puts marinara sauce on pizza at A Slice of New York in San Jose.
Constanza Hevia H.
The Co-op Service Center
All day, 28-year-old Kegan White completes detailed tasks like fabrication and de-rusting as a technician at this cooperative auto service center in Norwich, Vermont. For his labor, White makes a competitive $23 an hour and receives dental and vision benefits, which he says are practically unheard of in the auto-repair industry.
The Norwich Service Station and its sister outlet, the Hanover Service Station in New Hampshire, are part of a large local cooperative that also includes three grocery stores and a community market and employs roughly 400 people.
This cooperative is different than the others featured in this project: Like thousands of other co-ops in the United States, it is a consumer cooperative, not a worker-owned cooperative. But it shares the communitarian ethos of worker co-ops. The service centers have featured a voucher program called Co-op Car Connections, whereby the mechanics do crucial repairs for car owners unable to pay, from oil changes to fixing a broken seatbelt. As COVID alighted, workers say their cooperative took care of its people. “The grocery stores did really good in the beginning of the pandemic and the company could have just kept all that money,” White says, “but they gave it back to the employees. I’ve never worked for a place that took care of their employees at that level.”
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_01.jpg?w=642)
Ethan Preston, 18, a technician at the Co-op Service Station in Norwich, Vermont, says he has wanted to be a mechanic since he was 16 years old and went car shopping with his father.
Tristan Spinski
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_02.jpg?w=642)
The Co-op Service Center in Norwich, Vermont.
Tristan Spinski
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_04.jpg?w=642)
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_03.jpg?w=642)
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_06.jpg?w=642)
These tools belong to Daniel Degasta, 43, a technician supervisor at the service station. “The co-op is like no place I’ve ever worked before,” Degasta says. “I’m here every Saturday. I come in early. This is my church. This is my world. We have access day or night. Full autonomy. That, to me, is huge. We invest heavily so it’s really nice to be able to come in and use the stuff that we bought to make the company money. It’s a very personal thing for me: I would never work at a place, anymore, that I’m not absolutely pleased to say that I work there.”
Tristan Spinski
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_05.jpg?w=642)
Degasta works on a vehicle.
Tristan Spinski
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_07.jpg?w=642)
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_09.jpg?w=642)
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_08.jpg?w=642)
Kegan White, 28, one of the service center’s technicians, removes an old muffler and installs a new one on a vehicle. His favorite assignment is brake repair, as it is potentially life-saving. “Going through the virus was an eye-opening experience for me to see how much the co-op did for their employees,” White says. “They never tried to cut our hours.”
Tristan Spinski
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_10.jpg?w=642)
Preston says he was recruited to the co-op by a family friend who also works there. “I’m loving it and it’s definitely my career path,” he says.
Tristan Spinski
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_12.jpg?w=642)
Daniel Degasta
Tristan Spinski
![](https://www.motherjones.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/servicecenter_coop_11.jpg?w=642)
Jimmy Kidder, 40, manager of the two Co-op Service Centers in Hanover, New Hampshire and Norwich, Vermont
Tristan Spinski
This project is a collaboration with the Economic Hardship Reporting Project with funding from Solutions Journalism Network. The full project can be seen September through December at Brooklyn’s annual Photoville festival.
This article has been updated.