Flood waters block a street in Barre, Vt on July 12, 2023.Charles Krupa/AP
This story was originally published by the Guardian and is reproduced here as part of the Climate Desk collaboration.
Vermont is poised to pass a groundbreaking measure forcing major polluting companies to help pay for damages caused by the climate crisis, in a move being closely watched by other states including New York and California.
Modeled after the EPA’s Superfund program, which forces companies to pay for toxic waste cleanup, the climate superfund bill would charge major fossil fuel companies doing business within the state billions of dollars for their past emissions.
The measure would make Vermont the first US state to hold fossil fuel companies liable for their planet-heating pollution. “If you contributed to a mess, you should play a role in cleaning it up,” Elena Mihaly, vice-president of the Conservation Law Foundation’s Vermont chapter, which is campaigning for the bill, said in an interview.
If passed, the bill will face a steep uphill battle in the courts. But supporters say the first-of-its-kind legislation could be a model for the rest of the country. Four other states are weighing similar initiatives. Sens. Bernie Sanders (D-VT) and Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) also attempted to include a federal version in the infrastructure bill passed in 2022, though it was omitted from the final draft. (The measure would have raised $500 billion.)
Advocates for the Vermont bill notched a major win on Friday when the state’s House of Representatives advanced the measure with a preliminary vote of 100-33—enough support to overcome a potential veto by the state’s Republican governor, Phil Scott. On Monday, the bill passed the House in a 94-38 vote.
Within the next week, it will receive a final vote in the state Senate, where it received preliminary approval on a 26-3 vote last month. It will then head to Gov. Scott’s desk for final approval; if he shoots it down, supporters are confident that they have the votes to override a veto.
“Climate impacts are mounting everywhere and they’re coming with a price tag” said Jamie Henn, director of Fossil Free Media, which is campaigning in support of climate superfund legislation across the US. “Of course we’re going to see efforts to force the companies responsible for disasters to pick up the bill.”
Vermont is known for its temperate summers, but last July, catastrophic floods pummeled the state. Roads became rivers, bridges were decimated, and two people were killed by the rushing waters. “It was devastating,” said Mihaly.
She is originally from California, a state that has seen widespread devastation from wildfires and other climate-related disasters. “I had before considered Vermont a haven, a safe choice from a climate perspective. Last summer was a wake-up call,” she said.
The floods wreaked more than $1 billion in damages, just 11 years after Tropical Storm Irene devastated nearly all of Vermont. As the climate crisis persists, research shows future flooding events could be even more devastating and costly.
The legislation would compel Vermont’s state treasurer, Mike Pieciak—who supports the effort—to set up a fund for climate damages. To do so, he would be required to determine how much money to collect to pay for climate-related impacts to Vermont’s public health, biodiversity, economic development, and other damages. (The bill text does not include a specific figure to be collected, but an initial rough estimate from the Vermont Public Interest Research Group suggests the figure could be as much as $2.5 billion.)
The state would also have to work with scientists to figure out how much of that damage is attributable to climate change. Then, officials would calculate how much each major oil and gas company within the state contributed to it, based on the emissions from their products between 1995 and 2024. To do so, they would use the Carbon Majors database—an account of the world’s largest polluters’ contributions to the climate crisis.
The money collected would be used to fund projects to improve climate adaptation and resilience, as determined by the state’s Agency of Natural Resources.
If passed, the measure could serve as a model for the rest of the country as interest in climate accountability is growing, and as New York, California, Maryland, and Massachusetts weigh similar initiatives.
New York’s measure, which would collect $30 billion, sailed through the New York Senate this week after being omitted from the state’s budget earlier this year. Advocates are now hoping for a full state Assembly vote before the session ends on June 6.
“While New Yorkers brace for the rising and costly impacts of climate change, fossil fuel profiteers are reaping record profits,” said Eric Weltman, senior New York organizer with the environmental group Food and Water Watch. “It’s time these big oil corporations paid to clean up their mess.”
Meanwhile, the California measure will face a challenging vote in a in state Senate committee next week. Massachusetts’ and Maryland’s measures have stalled.
All five states considering climate superfund bills have also filed lawsuits against Big Oil for allegedly attempting to sow doubt about the climate crisis despite longstanding knowledge of the dangers of burning fossil fuels. But unlike the lawsuits, the legislative proposals do not requite proof of that history of deception. “This bill is not about punishing big oil for deceiving the public,” said Mihaly.
Spreading knowledge of that deception, however, has helped build support for the measure. During a Vermont Senate committee vote on the bill in March, for instance, the Republican senator Robert Norris said he was initially “hesitant” about the bill but chose to support it after learning about the fossil fuel industry’s misinformation campaigns.
“I was not aware…the large companies knew about this in the ’50s and ’60s and so forth and still did nothing to address this,” he said.
Jennifer Rushlow, dean of the Maverick Lloyd School for the Environment at Vermont Law and Graduate School, noted that the lawsuits have often run into “roadblocks” when judges question whether or not the litigation should be the purview of legislators rather than courts.
“In that way, the climate superfund bills are a well-designed response to the challenges many climate lawsuits have faced,” said Rushlow, who has campaigned for the bill.
The bills enjoy widespread support from voters, said Cassidy DiPaola, communications director at Fossil Free Media. April surveys conducted by her organization and the polling firm Data for Progress found that 70 percent of likely California voters would support a climate superfund bill, while 66 percent of all likely US voters would support such a measure, as would 89 percent of Democrats.
If the Vermont bill becomes law, fossil fuel interests are expected to challenge it in the state’s courts, the bill’s detractors have noted.
“We’re a mosquito compared to a giant,” the Vermont senator Randy Brock, a Republican who voted against the bill, said on the Senate floor last month. “ExxonMobil alone has an annual sales of $344.6 billion and Vermont has an annual budget of about $8.5 billion.”
Gov. Scott has not said whether or not he would veto the measure. But he has voiced concern about the state facing steep litigation costs.
The American Petroleum Institute, the largest oil and gas lobby group in the United States, sent a letter to the Vermont Senate opposing the bill, claiming it “retroactively imposes costs and liability on prior activities that were legal” and “violates equal protection and due process rights by holding companies responsible for the actions of society at large.”
But Rushlow said to avoid “damaging litigation,” lawmakers had worked to write a “good solid law where the legislature makes clear what they want other branches of government to do.”
Mihaly said supporters had worked to build a “robust record to demonstrate that there’s a rational basis for this law,” adding that the Vermont attorney general, Charity Clark, supported the bill and said her office was “ready to proudly defend the law.”
